United States crypto investors must report crypto staking rewards as gross income in the year it was received, according to a new ruling from the country’s top tax authority.

On July 31, the Internal Revenue Service issued Revenue Ruling 2023-14, giving clarification about how income earned from staking digital assets should be treated for taxation purposes.

Gross income includes income realized in any form, whether in money, property, services and now staking rewards.

The ruling applies to cash-method taxpayers who receive any crypto as remuneration for validating transactions on proof-of-stake blockchains and applies both when staking cryptocurrency directly and when staking through a centralized crypto exchange.

The ruling stated that the fair market value of the crypto rewards should be included in annual income and determined when the assets are received.

“The fair market value is determined as of the date and time the taxpayer gains dominion and control over the validation rewards."

“Dominion” was defined as the time when the investor controls and has the ability to sell, exchange, or otherwise dispose of the cryptocurrency rewards.

The IRS previously subjected crypto-mining rewards to both income and capital gains tax but had no provisions for staking rewards up until now, according to crypto tax firm Koinly.

Head of tax at Koinly, Danny Talwar, elaborated to Cointelegraph:

“The revenue ruling compounds the understanding of many accounting professionals in that staking rewards are only taxed as gross income when they are able to be sold. This means in that rewards accrued but locked won’t be taxable until the recipient can exercise ‘dominion and control’ over their staking rewards.”

Messari founder Ryan Selkis said the IRS is treating crypto staking like stock dividends.

Meanwhile, Jason Schwartz, tax partner and digital assets co-head at Fried Frank, said: “While the ruling is therefore unsurprising, it’s still disappointing,” adding:

Tax law has always required the existence of a payer, such as an employer or other counterparty, for taxable income to accrue to someone. Even treasure trove discoveries are deferred payments.”

The IRS tax bulletin comes at a time when U.S. federal regulators such as the Securities and Exchange Commission are targeting crypto-staking service providers and exchanges, alleging that they are offering illegal securities sales.

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